import builtins
print dir(builtins)

def raise_val(n):
    
    """Return the inner function."""
    def inner(x):
        """Raise x to the power of n."""
        raised = x ** n
        return raised
    
    return inner

square = raise_val(2)
cube =  raise_val(3)

print square(6), cube(6)

raise_val(4)(3)

n=3

def outer():
    """Prints the value of n."""
    n = 1
    def inner():
        n = 2
        print(n)
        
    inner()
    print(n)

outer()

# Define echo
def echo(n):
    """Return the inner_echo function."""

    # Define inner_echo
    def inner_echo(word1):
        """Concatenate n copies of word1."""
        echo_word = word1 * n
        return echo_word

    # Return inner_echo
    return inner_echo

# Call echo: twice
twice = echo(2)

# Call echo: thrice
thrice = echo(3)

# Call twice() and thrice() then print
print(twice('hello'), thrice('hello'))

echo(7)('wtf ')

# Define gibberish
def gibberish(*notmatter):
    """Concatenate strings in *args together."""

    # Initialize an empty string: hodgepodge
    hodgepodge = ''

    # Concatenate the strings in args
    for word in notmatter:
        hodgepodge += word+ ' '

    # Return hodgepodge
    return hodgepodge

# Call gibberish() with one string: one_word
one_word = gibberish("luke")

# Call gibberish() with five strings: many_words
many_words = gibberish("luke", "leia", "han", "obi", "darth")

# Print one_word and many_words
print(one_word)
print(many_words)

# Define report_status
def report_status(**whatevername):
    """Print out the status of a movie character."""

    print("\nBEGIN: REPORT\n")

    print whatevername
    print 
    # Print a formatted status report
    for key, value in whatevername.items():
        print(key + ": " + value)

    print("\nEND REPORT")

# First call to report_status()
report_status(name="luke", affiliation="jedi", status="missing")

# Second call to report_status()
report_status(name="anakin", affiliation="sith lord", status="deceased")

# Create a list of strings: spells
spells = ['protego', 'accio', 'expecto patronum', 'legilimens']

# Use map() to apply a lambda function over spells: shout_spells
shout_spells = map(lambda item: item + '!!!', spells)

# Convert shout_spells to a list: shout_spells_list
shout_spells_list = list(shout_spells)

# Convert shout_spells into a list and print it
print(shout_spells_list)

# Create a list of strings: fellowship
fellowship = ['frodo', 'samwise', 'merry', 'aragorn', 'legolas', 'boromir', 'gimli']

# Use filter() to apply a lambda function over fellowship: result
result = filter(lambda member: len(member) > 6, fellowship)


# Convert result to a list: result_list
result_list = list(result)

# Convert result into a list and print it
print(result_list)

filter(lambda member: len(member) >3, ['1234','234','34567'])

filter(None, [12>1, 'wtf' if 2>1 else 0, 'aiya' if 3>2 else 7, 'momomo' if 4>5 else -44])

# Import reduce from functools
from functools import reduce

# Create a list of strings: stark
stark = ['robb', 'sansa', 'arya', 'eddard', 'jon']

# Use result() to apply a lambda function over stark: result
result = reduce(lambda item1, item2: item1 +' '+ item2, stark)

# Print the result
print(result)

try: '3'+3
except Exception, e: print e

# Define shout_echo
def shout_echo(word1, echo=1):
    """Concatenate echo copies of word1 and three
    exclamation marks at the end of the string."""

    # Raise an error with raise
    if echo < 0:
        raise ValueError('echo must be greater than 0')

    # Concatenate echo copies of word1 using *: echo_word
    echo_word = word1 * echo

    # Concatenate '!!!' to echo_word: shout_word
    shout_word = echo_word + '!!!'

    # Return shout_word
    return shout_word

# Call shout_echo
try:
    shout_echo("particle", echo=-3)
except Exception, e: 
    print e

shout_echo("123", echo=-1)

# Select retweets from the Twitter dataframe: result

result = filter(lambda x: x[0:2] == 'RT', df['text'])